第一篇：餐桌饮食礼仪

餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至迟在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。

作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。

清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。

现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。

第二篇：中西方饮食文化差异及餐桌礼仪的对比

Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of table manners Yahong(, Harbin Normal University, Spanish University, Harbin 150080)Abstract: The existence of different peoples and countries with distinctive food culture, with strong national character and persity of features.Cuisine And the differences in table manners is also a cross-cultural communication factors that influence the outcome of communication.From a cross-cultural perspective revealed in the Western food culture and table manners Of their differences and allows people to understand its profound culture, exploring its cultural heritage, and improve cross-cultural awareness.Key words: cross-cultural communication;food culture;table manners;cultural differences Into the 21st century, cross-cultural communication have become an indispensable element in people's lives.Due to regional differences, different peoples, nations have developed different cultures.Food culture and table manners is also a Cross-Cultural Communication Central Africa an important part of language and culture.Understanding of Chinese and Western food culture and table manners differences and their origins, for foreign language learners in terms of, not only to increase the understanding of language and culture of learning, can increase the success rate of cross-cultural communication, avoid inappropriate manner or behavior result in misunderstanding and communication barriers.一 the differences between Chinese and Western food culture 1.Rational Westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival The greatest difference between Chinese and Western food culture is the focus of attention is different from the “nutrition” and “delicious” Both the pros and cons of the issue.In Western countries, catering mostly only as a necessary means of survival and communication methods.The Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of food color, smell, taste, shape how, nutrition must be assured that the West pay attention to nutrition, the neglect of cooking flavor.They refused to use MSG, that its nutrition is neither chemical products have side effects;raw vegetables, including not only tomatoes, lettuce, and even cabbage, broccoli.And thus their “salad” like a feed, so that we hard to swallow.Although the Chinese people pay attention to nutrition and health, but also know that vegetables will be lost sensation in the heating part of the vitamins, raw and avoid the loss, they still prefer the former because customary patronage, but also because the taste did much better.2.Sensibility is the Chinese people to pursue and enjoy the delicious In China, people have a saying: “Hunger breeds discontent, food to taste as the first” taste is the highest principles of cooking.In the eyes of the Chinese people, “eat” far from being simply in order to eat, nor for nutrition, and sometimes eaten, but also to eat, it is unable to bear “delicious,” the temptation to enjoy the taste to enjoy.However, in the West view to rational eating, this diet

is not only wasteful overload, but also risk Harm the human body.Although the Chinese people pay attention to diet, food support, and attention to diet To health tonic, but we are in pursuit of delicious cooking as the first to be Demand, resulting in the loss of many nutrients destroyed, so nutrition was also Xu is the biggest weakness of Chinese cuisine 3.To follow the norms of Western cooking and science Westerners emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking in strict accordance with the scientific norm.The use of recipes is an excellent proof of this.Westerners are always holding a cookbook to buy food produced dishes, but the comparison, is still a very mechanical thing, and this has led to Western, a drawback---the lack of features.When people are in different places when you want to taste the local cuisine is definitely not some people choose to like Kentucky Fried Chicken or McDonald's food.In addition, the standardized cooking even called the exact ingredients, spices to add precision to the grams, cooking time, accurate to seconds.Since the standardization of Western dishes produced so there is no creativity.So that Westerners can not understand is that the Chinese cook not only the pursuit of accurate standardized, but respected randomness.Opening China's recipes, the preparation of raw materials often found the amount of spices to add volume are fuzzy concepts.Moreover, Chinese cooking, not only pay attention to the major cuisines have their own flavor and characteristics, even the same dish the same cuisine, the spices used in matching with a variety of side dishes will cook according to characteristics of the inpidual hobbies have changed.Is also a “Mapo tofu”, the guests in Sichuan cooking, and cooking for the guests in Suzhou, the seasoning used is certainly different.In the West, a dish in different regions face different in different seasons of the food, and both are without any changes.4.Advocating freedom and inpiduality were Westerners re-Chinese and Western food culture is clearly reflected this kind of “harmony” and “respectively” cultural identity.Western cuisine, in addition to a few Brussels sprouts, are dishes of various materials having nothing to do, fish is a fish, steak is the steak, even if there are matching, which are also carried out in the disk, This reflects the “Western emphasis on the respective” culture of society.This emphasis on the social and cultural difference also reflected in the meal pattern.Westerners pursuing a Fencan system, people's inpiduality, self-respect.Buffet style popular in the West to eat all the more, the lack of Chinese people talking Huan mood music.5.Aspire to the Chinese emphasis on harmony and harmony with the overall Chinese have long used “and” and “together” as the realm of the most beautiful music on the stress “and music”, “chimed,” medical claim “body and”, “gas and” I hope the country's political achievement, “Governance and Social

Harmony.” Said the beautiful marriage as “marriage made in heaven”, and when all the good things that assemble together, we will of its reputation as “a perfect fit.” This kind of “harmony” on the idea embodied in the cooking is reflected in the “flavors to reconcile.” So, Chinese food in almost every dish had to spend two or more of the raw materials and a variety of spices to reconcile the cooking.Chinese people to cook as “cooking”, delicious produce, is to reconcile.Therefore, the Chinese people cooking is not a “1 +1 = 2” so simple, but should be equal to “3” or more.In short, the Chinese and Western diet in many areas there are a wide range of differences, of course, these differences are relative, for several thousand years of cultural exchanges between East and West in the West also contributed to the continued integration of the food culture.Under the globalization trend of the cross-cultural communication makes a variety of food culture is compatible with and complement each other constantly.Today, enjoy the distinctive eastern and western diet has become commonplace in daily life of contemporary people do.We are in the streets everywhere French dinner, KFC and other Western Exotic food, and the Chinese restaurant has opened all over the world.二, table manners differences Food culture, cutlery, eating patterns and a range of table manners and so reflects the social life styles of different ethnic and cultural orientations.Everywhere in modern society, etiquette, eating is not just to meet basic physical needs, but also a very important social experience.While the Western table manners requirements there are many differences, understand the difference between the two to prevent the breach of etiquette to others.1.Table differences in the atmosphere Is generally quiet on the Western table, the Chinese table movement.Westerners normally a good move, but one will be dedicated to sit on the table to go quietly cut its own Panzhong Can.Chinese people normally a quiet, sit a table, they talked at each other for vegetables, urge somebody to drink.Chinese people downtown on the table static on the table with the West and Western food culture reflects the fundamental differences on.2.Table manners In the Chinese cultural tradition, people attending a formal dinner party, when all is relatively stress, but in the modern customs change and development, there is progressive side and backward side, There are the traditional inheritance, but also a breach of traditional cultural practices.Example, when dining inClothing, should be more casual than in the past can be a tunic, jacket orSuits, etc.This also reflects the traditional culture of change and development, whichIs precisely the fusion of Western culture, the role of positive transfer occurred between the bestIllustration.Many of today's Westerners, especially Americans do not like smoking or drinking, and many people do not like people smoking in their residence drinking.In China today, many people both smoke and drink, there is aKinds of

social strange phenomenon seems to be “non-smokers do not drink” to the non-social.Therefore, on the table in China, there is still smoke, stinking, “bad habits”, even though they know that this style of injury, but still can not ban the.Presumably this is the culture of migration and development, incomplete, incomplete nature of the performance, we need a correct understanding and appreciation of cultural phenomena, based on, and constantly promote human and cultural development, and enhancing the national human qualities.3.Seat sort Chinese and Western people are fastidious about the activities of a formal dinner arrangements for Zuo Ci.Chinese people traditionally used square table.Door is on both sides for the side seat.Host a party, the elderly, guest of honor, or high-status people sit seat, the owner or Peike men and women who sit down and blocks the rest of the guests in order to sit side seat.Westerners host a party with a long table, men and women to sit at both ends of the master points, and then guest of honor at the press of men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangement.For the table of rules, Westerners eat with knife and fork, the Chinese use chopsticks.Of course, the usage of knives and forks and chopsticks have their own rules.Through the cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of Chinese and Western table manners, not only reflects the cultural traditions from around, but also reflects different national psychology, values and moral standards, sociology, social etiquette and social customs, etc., that is, Western culture, ideas personal honor, self-centered, innovative spirit and inpidual freedom, while the Chinese culture advocates modest, selfless dedication, moderation and unity and coordination;the West a strong sense of equality, the family structure is simple;while the Chinese people a strong sense of hierarchy and family structure more complex, the traditional well-being of families, and so on for four generations living under one roof.In cross-cultural communication, because of cultural barriers caused by misunderstanding of the information, and even hurt each other, were common occurrences.Sometimes, good conversation make each other extremely awkward, polite manners would be misinterpreted as absurd vulgar.Therefore, studying the differences between different cultures to study the behavior of the correct cross-cultural communication has become an issue can not be ignored.In the comparative study of the process, their respective advantages and disadvantages of obvious.Such studies are beneficial to transfer the role of culture in order to “essence, to its dregs,” so as to promote the national language, human and cultural development.References: [1] Jia new.Intercultural Communication [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1997.[2] Hu Wenzhong.Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.[3] SAMOVAR,.L A, cross-cultural communication [M].Beijing: Foreign

Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

第三篇：中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比

中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对

比

进入2l世纪以来，跨文化交际已经成为人们 生活中不可或缺的内容。由于地区差异，不同的民 族、国家形成了不同的文化。饮食文化及餐桌礼仪 也是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分。了 解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊 源，对于外语学习者来讲，不仅能增加对所学语言 文化的理解，更能提高跨文化交际的成功率，避免 因为不恰当的方式或行为造成误鳃和交际障碍。

一、中西方饮食文化的差异

1．理性的西方人更多关注的是营养与生存 中西饮食文化最大的差异是关注的重点不同，即“营养”和“美味”两者孰轻孰重的问题。在 西方国家，饮食大多仅仅作为一种生存的必要手段 和交际方式。西方饮食是一种理性观念，不论食物 的色、香、味、形如何，营养一定要得到保证，西 方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道。他们拒绝使用昧精，认为其是既不营养又有副作用的化学产品；生吃的 蔬菜，不仅包括西红柿、生菜，甚至是洋白菜、西 兰花。因而他们的“色拉”有如一盘饲料，使我 们难以下咽。虽然现在的中国人也讲究营养保健，也知道蔬菜爆炒加热后会丢失一部分维生素，生吃 则避免丢失，可还是宁愿选择前者，因为习惯使

然，更是因为味道确实好多了。2．感性的中国人追求的是美味和享受 在中国，民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以 味为先”，味道是烹